Sea - 95.26, 97%,
(96.7)
Freshwater 3% (3.3)
Freshwater
Ice/Glacier 75%
Ground water 24.6%
Rivers/Lakes 0.32%
Atmosphere 0.03%
Soil 0.05%
Approximately 1.385
billion cubic km of water in the world
Glacial/ice 2.1% 2.97
Ground
water 0.6%1.05
Lakes/Rivers0.01%
- 0.009
Atmosphere0.002%
- 0.001
Biosphere 4
km 0-5%
Refer class to
Hydrologic cycle
Importance of ground water
Porosity - % of rocks volume that
is opening
Note relation between
porosity and permeability
Permeability - capacity of the rock
to transmit fluid
Types of water
around sand grain -
Hygroscopic, Capillary, Gravity
Unsaturated
zone
(Perched
H2O table)
Saturated
zone (Aquifer)
Water table - form
and shape
Flow
Groundwater could
supply H2O to rivers (gaining rivers) Losing streams (more
in drier climates)
Spring - where water
flows naturally from rock into the land surface
Types of Aquifer
-
1) Unconfined and
2) Confined
artesian
conditions may exist in confined aquifers
Wells
- Recharge, Cone of depression
drawdown
Pollution of
Groundwater
Sources of gallon
pollution
Pesticides/Herbicides
Fertilizers - nitrate
Heavy metals
Acid mine drainage
(coal/metal mines)
Septic tanks, sewage
plants, animal feedlots
(bacteria, viruses,
parasites)
Some pollution could be natural.
Why should we protect
ground or at least prevent ground water pollution in the first place?
Caves (or caverns) -
underground chambers
Dripstones - Deposit
of calcite formed by dripping water H2O
Stalactites
(from roof) Stalagmite (from floor)
Column when the two
are joined together
Sinkholes- form by
cave roof collapsing or by solution. Sinkholes are also formed in the
areas with gypsum or rock salt in addition to limestone.
Areas with
sinkholes/caves -
Karst topography are areas that usually lack surface H2O
Preservation of
fossils Plant
- Petrified wood -
Silica
- Concretion - when a
considerable amount of cementing material precipitates locally in a
rock, a hard mass
Silica or Calcite -
Geodes - partly hollow
Hot water underground
Hot Springs
Geyser
Geothermal Energy