Letters: thorn, eth, wynn
Other languages’ influence on Old English:
Latin, Celtic, Scandinavian
Celtic Influence on Old English
Scandinavian/Norse Influence on Old English
Loan words
Loan translation
Semantic loan
Compounding
i-mutation
Grammatical categories:
Nouns: Person, number, gender, case
Verbs: Person, number, tense, mood
Old English cases
Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive, Instrumental
Be able to produce or identify “case” in sample modern English sentences
A-stem nouns
Weak verbs
Strong verbs
William of Normandy
Role of Latin and French in Norman England
French loan words
Norman vs. Parisian French influence on English
Middle English dialects
Orthographic changes, from Old English to Middle English
Sound changes: consonants
Metathesis
Middle English Pronouns
Northern dialect vs. Southern Middle English
(innovative vs. conservative)
Inflectional System of Middle English
Vowel Reduction
Periphrasis
Middle English as Creole?
Synthetic vs. Analytic
Standardization of Middle English
William Caxton
Early Modern English
Standardization of English
King James Bible
First Folio
Shakespeare
Great Vowel Shift
Early Modern English consonant (pronunciation) changes
Renaissance respellings
his-genitive
group genitive
Pronouns:
my/mine
honorifics
Case usage
Early Modern English Verbal inflections
Dummy ‘it’ subject
Subjunctive inflectional endings in modern English
Modal auxiliaries
Use of ‘do’ (dummy-do / do-support)
Inkhorn terms
Reasons for prescriptivism
Model of Latin
Use of etymology
Reason and logic
Usage
Bishop Robert Lowth
Jonathan Swift
Samuel Johnson
Joseph Priestly
Noah Webster